Modal verbs  (Success/upper/M6/ Gr. modals)

     Использование модальных глаголов с примерами и тренировочными упражнениями. Уровень upper-intermediate.

1.	Obligation/ necessity	must	1. It’s your duty to do sth. You’re obliged  to do this (приказание). There is no choice. 2. comes from the speaker. (I decide what to do). 3. indicates urgency, importance and strong advise. (I strongly advise you to do sth.)	be required to be obliged to (“outside authority” that gives permission.)
		have to need	It’s necessary. It comes from outside the speaker or others decide for him (external obligation)	be forced to be compelled to
2.	No obligation	don’t have to / needn’t/ don’t need to	It isn’t necessary.	be not required to be not obliged to
		Needn’t need	(модальный глагол) – нужно, надо. В вопросительн. и отрицательн. предл.  в настоящем (смысловой глагол) – нуждаться в чем-либо
3.	Duty and advice	should	1. general advice (It’s the best thing to do.  I advise you.)	be supposed to (what should/ shouldn’t happen according to rules/ what is generally expected.
		ought to	1. Advice based on laws, rules, generally accepted ideas 2. duty (it’s the right thing to do but people don’t always do it) (моральный долг или совет)
4.	Ability	can/ be able to could was/were able to could/ was able to	( present/ future) – more usual, less formal (past positive) – repeated action (past positive) – single action (= managed to) (past negative/question) – repeated and single actions	succeeded in doing managed to inf.
5.	Permission	can/could may/might	informal/ more polite  Can I . . ? formal/ more formal	be allowed be permitted to
6.	Prohibition	mustn’t may not can’t/couldn’t	(formal) (informal) you aren’t/weren’t allowed. It’s against the rules / law.	be forbidden to not be allowed to
7.	Possibility	1. can 2. couldn’t/might 3. can/could 4. might	It’s generally possible (less possible) – a specific thing is possibly true A possible future action An uncertain future intention	be likely to (might) be bound to (be sure to, certain) (точно) be liable to (likely to) (вероятный, возможный  ответственность, обязательства)

Ex.1. Rewrite the sentences using the word in bold.   

                                                                        

1. It isn’t necessary for Mark to buy new clothes for the reception.

need _____________________________________________________________________________

2. You aren’t allowed to pick these flowers.

must _____________________________________________________________________________

3. Sarah is obliged to type her compositions at university.

has ______________________________________________________________________________

4. It wasn’t necessary for Paula to make the beds.

need _____________________________________________________________________________

5. It is your duty to obey the law.

must _____________________________________________________________________________

6. It is forbidden to throw litter on the beach.

must _____________________________________________________________________________

7. I’m sure Ronald is at home.

must _____________________________________________________________________________

8. It wasn’t necessary for Alice to bake a cake for the party.

need _____________________________________________________________________________

9. Do you mind if I leave the door open for a while?

can ______________________________________________________________________________

10. You’re obliged to take notes during the lecture.

have _____________________________________________________________________________

11. I’m sorry, but you aren’t allowed to enter this room.

must _____________________________________________________________________________

12. Jack managed to unlock the door.

able _____________________________________________________________________________

13. Let’s play a game of chess.

could ____________________________________________________________________________

14. I’m certain Sarah is bored with her work.

must _____________________________________________________________________________

15. I strongly advise you to take up sport.

must _____________________________________________________________________________

16. Perhaps he wants some more food. 

could  ____________________________________________________________________________

Ex. 2. Rephrase the following sentences

1. You aren’t allowed to park your car in the college car park.

2. I strongly advise you to speak to your parents about your decision.

3. It isn’t necessary for Emma to attend tomorrow’s staff meeting.

4. Jack is obliged to wear a suit and a tie at work because the manager says so.

5. I’m sure Antonio is from Milan.

6. It’s necessary for Roger to find a job soon.

7. It’s forbidden to use mobile phones inside the hospital.

8.  He is likely to arrive tonight.     

9. Susan is obliged to work overtime because her boss says so.

10. You had better book your flight early.

11. I strongly advise you to see a doctor as soon as possible.

12. Everybody is obliged to pay taxes.

13. They managed to get to the theatre in time, despite the heavy traffic.

14. You aren’t allowed to keep pets in the building.

15.  Do you mind if I take the rest of the day off?

16. We are  required to be formally dressed.

17. You are supposed to work from 9 to 5.

18. She has an ability to read at the age of five.

19. I don’t think he’s at work..

20. Perhaps he ‘ll call any minute.

Ex. 3. Translate into English in some ways.

1. Ему разрешают ездить на мотоцикле.

2. моему другу разрешили купить собаку.

3. Дети могут поехать с нами.

4. Вам нельзя курить в этой комнате.

5. машина была очень дорогой – он не смог купить ее.

6. когда он был моложе, он мог танцевать лучше, чем сейчас.

7.  они смогли посетить все музеи за один день.

8. она не может трогать мои вещи без разрешения.

9. Будь осторожным. Ты можешь порезать палец .

10. Она должна помыть посуду.

11. Ты не должен разговаривать на уроке.

12. Ему не следует нарушать правила.

13. Вам следует четко исполнять все распоряжения.

14. Ей следует изменить свое мнение.

15. Мне придется составить план путешествия самому.

16. Им не нужно так спешить.

17. Нужно ли мне рассказать им об этом?

18. Можно я возьму эти вещи?

19. Мне нужно взять эти вещи?

20. Тебе надо поехать туда: возможно они тебя ждут.